The Issue of the Division of the Carolingian throne and its Impact on the Disintegration of the Empire 843-911AD

Abstract

      The study deals with the Islamic conquests in Italy, and the most important Muslim victories during the ninth century AD, which resulted in the persistence of the Aghlabid Muslims in their policy towards the Byzantine Empire, and the extension of the movement of Islamic conquests towards their lands. The study also sheds light on the role of the papacy in confronting Islamic hegemony over Italy by establishing... Fortresses and building cities in order to defend the heritage of the city of Rome.