Suspicions of the Karbala incident according to the vision of the German orientalist Heinz Halm

Abstract

    The research addresses the most important events that took place in the Karbala incident, as well as the most significant confusion that the German orientalist, Heinz Halm, fell into. This was evident in his book, "The Shiites," in which he briefly discussed the Battle of Karbala. However, despite this brevity, he made several errors. We presented, critiqued, analyzed, and responded to these errors using both Sunni and Shiite sources. We also demonstrated the reasons for the orientalist's falling into these doubts and errors.